By the side of their father repose the mortal remains of three beloved Infants, Benjamin Colhoun, William Sheridan Colhoun, and Caroline Colhoun.

As the linked posting also says, William Sheridan Colhoun was still living when his father made his will on 20 May 1802, so he died at some point after that. It’s possible he was living when his father died on 26 October 1802 and died prior to the placing of the tombstone on John E. Colhoun’s grave in 1803. Otherwise, he would have predeceased his father, as Benjamin and Caroline apparently did, since they are not named in John’s will.[2]  I do not know have dates of birth or death for these three infant children of John E. Colhoun. A.S. Salley notes simply that all three of these children died young.[3]

Three children of John E. Colhoun and Floride Bonneau lived to adulthood. These were as follows (this posting will discuss the first two children, with a discussion of the third to follow in a subsequent posting):

1. John Ewing Colhoun was born in 1791 in Charleston, Charleston County, South Carolina. His tombstone in the French Protestant Huguenot Church cemetery in Charleston states that when he died in Charleston on 27 October 1847, he was in his 56^th year.[4]

As a previous posting notes, up to his father’s death in 1802, John and his siblings were tutored at the Bonneau’s Ferry and Charleston homes of their parents by Benjamin Green. As the last posting states, the will of John’s father states that, if his son John survived his father, the plantation at the mouth of Twelve Mile River in Pendleton District (i.e., the Keowee Heights plantation) was to go to his son John. The linked posting cites Lynne R. Beeson, who states,[5]

It was during the residence of Colonel Colhoun that Keowee attained its highest period of affluence. In springtime, when the dogwoods were in full bloom, the white frame house with its stately columns, was a picture book of enchantment. It was easily the most extensive and refined plantation home in the area.

The Colonel Colhoun of whom Beeson is speaking here is John Ewing Colhoun Jr. In his history of old Pendleton District, Richard Wright Simpson also notes that the family of John E. Colhoun Jr. lived at Keowee near Fort Hill.[6] I suspect that John E. Colhoun Jr.’s family retained a house in Charleston while spending time at Keowee Heights, since John died in Charleston.

On 21 February 1822 in Charleston, John E. Colhoun married Martha Maria Davis, daughter of Captain William Ransom Davis.[7] William Ransom Davis was a Revolutionary officer in South Carolina and sheriff of Camden District who died 19 December 1799, aged 44, at his plantation on the Santee River.[8]

The John C. Calhoun papers held by Duke University have a letter that South Carolina governor Andrew Pickens wrote on 12 October 1824 from Abbeville courthouse to John E. Colhoun at Florideville in Pendleton District. Governor Pickens states that he had left Washington and had seen John E. Colhoun’s brother James Edward in New York, where James was expected before long to sail with the Navy to the Mediterranean. James Edward had asked Pickens to see if his brother John might manage his plantation and affairs while James was overseas, and this is why Pickens was writing John E. Colhoun: he had promised James Edward to do this. Andrew Pickens was the first cousin of John E. Calhoun and James Edward Calhoun, son of their aunt Rebecca Calhoun Pickens.

On 13 May 1824, James Edward had written his brother John from Washington, D.C., asking John to take care of his business affairs. John was then in Charleston. The letter speaks of an unnamed uncle who was managing James’ plantation at Midway, but whose health was precarious, and James asks John to take over the management of the plantation and of James’ business affairs in Carolina, since he was unable to come there. The unnamed uncle, we find from a letter John wrote to James in June 1824 replying to this May letter, was Andrew Norris, the half-brother of John and James’ father John Ewing Colhoun elder. James’ May 1824 letter also speaks of a letter John and James’ mother Floride had recently received advising the sale or purchase of lands on the Santee.

On 28 June 1824, John Ewing Colhoun wrote his brother James Edward from Pendleton District, urging James to return home and manage his affairs. The letter, which is archived in the John Ewing Colhoun Papers of Wilson Library at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, tells James that his brother John had been anxiously awaiting a reply to a letter John had sent him that James evidently did not receive. In this letter, John says that James had mistakenly assumed that John’s business affairs in the lowcountry had changed, and this would permit John to assume management of the plantation of James that their uncle Norris was managing.

John tells James that he cannot possibly attend to James’ business affairs as well as his own, particularly if he were not given total control of James’ plantation, and states,[9]

The prospect of promotion and of distinction in the Navy is so gloomy particularly at your time of life that I really think you could not do better than to resign and come home to take charge yourself. By attending to your affairs for a little while, and getting them properly arranged, you would be able to travel, get a wife and settle down, or do as you please.

At another point in the letter, John tells James,

Make a calculation and you will find that by the time you arrive to the command of a Frigate, you will be what we call an[d] old man, and look back upon a valuable life ingloriously and uselessly spent, and regret that you had not in early life quite so unprofitable an occupation. These things are worth considering as we have but one life to live.

John also tells James that he had seen the letter their mother Floride had sent to James. It was from Joshua Dubose, an overseer for John and James’ father, who was urging Floride to sell land, but John suspected that Dubose wanted to buy the land himself and was not to be trusted.

On 10 September 1824, John wrote James again, sending the letter as in June from Pendleton District to James Edward at the Naval office in New York.[10] In this letter, John says he would visit James’ Midway plantation to see how things were faring there. John speaks of the death of their uncle Norris — Andrew Norris died 31 July 1824 in Abbeville County — and this obviously made the need for John to assist his brother James with the Midway plantation more urgent.

John tells James that he had gotten a letter from Ezekiel Noble (their cousin) telling John that he would meet John in Abbeville County at the home of Andrew Norris’ widow and would hand John James’ papers for the Midway plantation. The letter speaks of John’s indebtedness to his brother James, which John might resolve by transferring some of his enslaved people from the Keowee plantation to Midway. And it speaks of difficult times planters were having in both Pendleton District and Abbeville County, due to failing crops.

According to Ernest McPherson Lander Jr. in his book The Calhoun Family and Thomas Green Clemson: The Decline of a Southern Patriarchy (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1983), whereas James Edward Calhoun was “generous, dependable, and trustworthy,” his brother John Ewing Colhoun was “undependable, preferring gambling, drinking, and gadding about to devoting the necessary attention for the successful operation of his vast plantation” (p. 13). Lander writes,

As a consequence, he fell into serious financial difficulty in the early 1840s. His misconduct and possibly the manner of the division of his mother’s estate led to strained relations between himself and John C. Calhoun.

By March 1844, John E. Colhoun’s financial situation was so straitened that his creditors had the sheriff go to the Keowee Heights plantation and try to round up John E. Colhoun’s enslaved persons. Hearing of this occurrence, John C. Calhoun wrote James Edward to say (p. 65),

Your brother, is I am told, alone with two or three old negroes on the place only. His situation must be distressing. It is painful for me to think of it. Were it in my power, I would be happy to relieve him.

At this point, John C. Calhoun’s son-in-law Thomas Green Clemson stepped in, offering to buy thirty-three enslaved persons belonging to John E. Colhoun with money Clemson and John C. Calhoun gathered for that purpose. Commenting on this, Clemson’s wife Anna Maria, a daughter of John C. Calhoun, wrote her brother Patrick Calhoun to say, “Uncle John poor fellow! (or rather his poor family, for him I cannot pity much) is at last broken up” (ibid.).

With his agricultural operations at Keowee Heights stymied due to the loss of the labor of his enslaved people, John E. Colhoun then pinned his hopes on a gold mine he had purchased at Dahlonega, Georgia. The mine proved unproductive, a pipe dream, but this did not curb the expensive living of John and his family at Keowee Heights. Lander writes,

If his mine did not yield well, John Ewing Colhoun and his family lived as though it did. In late August Anna observed: “As to Cuddy [John E. Colhoun’s daughter Martha Maria] I never knew her so gay and the house at Twelve Mile is constantly full of company and uncle John and aunt Martha in the highest spirits. How they manage to do so I cant say” (pp. 65-6).

As noted previously, John Ewing Colhoun Jr. died in Charleston on 27 October 1847, the date given on his tombstone in the French Protestant Huguenot Church cemetery in Charleston.[11] On 28 October, the Charleston Daily Courier published a notice stating that his funeral would be held at that church at 4 P.M. on the 28^th.[12]

John’s widow Martha Maria Davis Colhoun died at their Keowee Heights home in what was by then Pickens District (now Pickens County) on 13 November 1853, according to a death notice in the Charleston Daily Courier on Sunday 19 November 1853, stating that she had died the preceding Sunday at Keowee.[13] Though a Find a Grave memorial page for Martha Maria states that she is said to be buried with her husband John in the French Protestant Huguenot Church cemetery in Charleston [14], according to a photographic essay by Ralph Beaumont Leonard about the John Ewing Colhoun family cemetery at the Keowee Heights plantation – that essay is discussed here – Martha Maria Davis Colhoun is buried in that cemetery.

The archives and special collections holdings of the Clemson University library at Clemson, Pickens County, South Carolina, have a photocopy of a journal kept on the Keowee plantation from 1 Janurary 1853 to 1 January 1857 (with some interruptions in years) (“Journal of Keowee Plantation, mss. 56). At the time the journal was photocopied (no date on the manuscript tells when), it was in the possession of a Miss Nell H—[the surname is illegible in the photocopy] of Abbeville. This journal appears to have been kept by John E. Colhoun’s son Henry Davis Colhoun.

2. Floride Bonneau Colhoun was born 15 February 1792 at Rice Hope plantation in Berkeley County, South Carolina. This place of birth is stated by Robert Elder in his study of John Caldwell Calhoun, and also appears in a biographical article about Floride at the Clemson University website.[15] The date of Floride’s birth is stated on her tombstone in Saint Paul’s Episcopal Church cemetery at Pendleton, Anderson County, South Carolina.[16] Floride’s Find a Grave memorial page places her birth in Charleston.

As has previously been noted, through his marriage to Floride Bonneau, Floride’s father John Ewing Colhoun received rice-growing plantations among other tracts of land in the South Carolina lowcountry. To the best of my knowledge, Rice Hope was not among those rice-growing plantations belonging to John E. Colhoun and previously to Floride’s father Samuel Bonneau, however. The plantation on which John E. Colhoun and wife Floride lived when they were not in Charleston was the Bonneau’s Ferry plantation, which was less than five miles from Rice Hope.

In a previous posting, I transcribed a letter Floride Bonneau Colhoun’s aunt Mary Calhoun Kerr, my 5^th-great-grandmother, wrote to her brother John E. Colhoun on 3 August 1793 when Mary had gotten news that John’s infant daughter Floride, “little flory” as Mary calls her, was dangerously ill. Mary was writing from Abbeville County, and her brother John was in Charleston.[17]

As I stated above, up to their father’s death in 1802, John E. Colhoun’s children were tutored by Benjamin Green, who was, I think, a brother of John Green who married Floride’s first cousin Jane Kerr, daughter of Mary Calhoun and Samuel Kerr. Following John E. Colhoun’s death, Floride’s widowed mother Floride summered at Newport, Rhode Island, and it was there in 1804 that Floride met her cousin and husband-to-be John Caldwell Calhoun, who was a student at Yale, a story told in a previous posting. John C. Caldwell was a son of Patrick Calhoun, a brother of John E. Colhoun’s father Ezekiel Calhoun, and was therefore John E. Colhoun’s first cousin.

As the posting I’ve just linked states, historian Robert Elder thinks that John C. Calhoun had resolved to marry his cousin Floride Bonneau Colhoun by spring of 1808 when he visited the family at their Bonneau’s Ferry plantation on the Cooper River near Charleston.[18] Floride’s mother did not consent immediately to the marriage; Calhoun had little wealth and her daughter Floride was only sixteen.[19] In the summer of 1809, Calhoun asked for Floride’s hand in marriage, and her mother then wrote her daughter from Bonneau’s Ferry — Floride younger was in Newport — and Floride consented to marry John C. Calhoun.[20] The previously cited biography of Floride Bonneau Colhoun at Clemson University’s website transcribes a letter that John C. Calhoun wrote to his wife-to-be Floride on 28 September 1810 speaking of their impending marriage.[21]

John C. Calhoun and Floride Bonneau Colhoun then married at Bonneau’s Ferry plantation on 11 January 1811, and following their marriage Floride’s mother bought the couple a house, Oakley Estate, now Dumbarton Oaks, in Georgetown, D.C., where John C. Calhoun was serving in the U.S. House of Representatives. Floride’s widowed mother then spent time with her daughter and new son-in-law in D.C., and when John C. Calhoun and wife Floride moved to his Fort Hill plantation in Pendleton District, South Carolina, in 1825, John’s mother-in-law Floride settled at the adjoining Cold Spring plantation.[22]

The Calhouns also owned a plantation that John C. Calhoun had bought in Abbeville County, Bath plantation, to which they initially moved when they were not required by John C. Calhoun’s political offices to spend time in D.C. The upcountry house of the Calhouns, Fort Hill, into which the family moved in 1825, which is now on the campus of Clemson University, was built by Reverend James McElhenny, pastor of Old Stone church, and was at first known as Clergy Hall.[23] When the house was enlarged in 1825 as the Calhouns moved into it, it was renamed Fort Hill after old Fort Rutledge.[24]

From the time of Floride Bonneau Colhoun’s marriage to her cousin John Caldwell Calhoun, her life was, of course, inextricably linked with Calhoun’s very active political career, which has been exhaustively researched by historians and biographers, so that I won’t summarize that information here.[25] What’s important to note with reference to Floride is that she spent the years of her marriage to John C. Calhoun moving between Washington, D.C., and South Carolina as the wife of a politician whose offices including the vice-presidency of the U.S. and the U.S. Senate. Here’s the biographical sketch offered of John C. Calhoun’s political career by Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress, 1774-1911:[26]

Calhoun, John Caldwell, a Representative and Senator from South Carolina; born in Abbeville district, S.C., March 18, 1782; attended Willington academy and was graduated from Yale college in 1804; studied law, was graduated from the Litchfield, Conn., law school in 1806, admitted to the bar in 1807, and began practice in Abbeville, S.C.; member of the state general assembly in 1808 and 1809; elected as a War Democrat to the Twelfth, Thirteenth, and Fourteenth Congresses (March 4, 1811-March 3, 1817); appointed Secretary of War by President Monroe October 8, 1817, entered upon the duties of the office December 10, following, and served until March 3, 1825; Vice President of the United States March 4, 1825, to December 28, 1832, when he resigned; elected to the United States Senate, to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Robert Y. Hayne, elected governor; was reelected and served from December 12, 1832, to March 3, 1843, when he resigned; appointed Secretary of State by President Tyler March 6,1844, entered upon duties April 1, 1844, and served until March 6, 1845; again elected to the United States Senate, to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Daniel E. Huger, and served from November 26, 1845, until his death in Washington, D.C., March 31, 1850.

There are fascinating hints in many places that John and Floride’s marital relationship was less than pacific, though as Floride’s biography at the Clemson website notes, we have more information about his perspective (and that of observers sympathetic to him) on their difficulties than we do about hers.[27] This biography states, “During their 39-year marriage, her relationship with her husband was sometimes tense.” Then it transcribes a portion of a letter Calhoun wrote to his son Andrew Pickens Calhoun in the 1840s, in which he tells Andrew to be patient with his mother, since:[28]

With the many good qualities of her Mother, she inherits her suspicious and fault finding temper, which has been the cause of much vexation in the family. I have borne with her patience, because it was my duty to do so, & you must do the same for the same reason. It has been the only cross of my life.

Floride’s Clemson biography also observes that “oral tradition held that Floride added a room to the house each time her husband was away in Washington.”[29] This source transcribes a section of a letter that John C. Calhoun wrote to Floride’s brother James Edward Calhoun on 21 April 1838, asking that James intercede on his behalf to halt Floride from building additions to Fort Hill in his absence:[30]

She writes me that she is desirous to commence an addition to our House . . . on her return to Pendleton I think it would not be advisable on my accounts, till after my return . . . I have long since learned by sad experience what it is to build in my absence. It would cost me twice as much and the work then will not be half as well done . . . It could be built at comparatively small expense and have it well done under my own eye, I wish you to add your weight to mine to reconcile her to the course I suggest. I have written her fully on the subject.

The WPA Guide to the Palmetto State states the following:[31]

Floride was a charming bride, but became an exceedingly high-handed mistress of her domain. Tradition recounts that she sometimes locked up “every closet, store-room, and smokehouse on the plantation and drove off with the keys,” so that on one occasion many doors had to be smashed before her husband could give a long-planned dinner to the gentlemen of Pendleton District. She is also credited with adding a room to Fort Hill whenever she took a notion in Calhoun’s absence; but a rapidly increasing family gave her some justification for that.

Beth Ann Klossky points to the recollections of David Sloan, a boyhood friend of Floride’s son William Lowndes Calhoun.[32] Sloan stated that Floride kept carpenters in her employ to make ongoing improvements on the Fort Hill house, to which she was constantly adding as she changed and remodeled the house. Sloan also pointed out that Floride was famous for her hospitality and her house was always full of visitors, so there may have been practical reasons for the ongoing expansion of Fort Hill.

The Clemson biography of Floride notes her rather lavish tastes as she furnished Fort Hill:[33]

Floride’s expensive taste in furnishings is reflected in the china and silver in the dining room, and in the massive Piedmont wardrobe made for her by cabinetmaker William Knauff of Pendleton, a German woodworker she encouraged to relocate from Charleston to the Piedmont. This wardrobe is reportedly based on an armoire belonging to Dolly Madison. Floride imported wallpapers from France and England to make Fort Hill more fashionable, giving the farmhouse the appearance of a mansion.

A neighbor who grew up close to some of members of the Calhoun family on the Oakwood plantation near New Bordeaux in Abbeville County, Mary Elizabeth Moragné, and who wrote some acerbic observations about them in her diary while she enjoyed their lavish hospitality, stated in the diary on 10 June 1838 that she had encountered Floride at the wedding of Kate Noble and J.W.M. Berrien on that day.[34] She describes Floride as “an intelligent looking, & proud little woman,” adding, “She seemed friendly enough, but I did not bow to her. I am always proud before the great.”

Beth Ann Klossky cites observations of Floride written by Colonel James Bacon, editor of the Edgefield Chronicle, who saw her as a frequent summer visitor at the Glenn Springs resort in Spartanburg County.[35] Bacon described Floride as

a short, bright, brusque woman of tremendous celerity of movement and action. She had lived much at Washington and Newport, but was yet far from being conventional, and invariably and often very startlingly called a spade a spade. She was an immense and voluble talker and knew something about everything and everybody in the world. She had always very elegant dresses and lace, which she put on seven ways for Sunday.

In the 1840s, John C. Calhoun began showing signs of serious illness due to tuberculosis.[36] This illness claimed his life in Washington, D.C., on 30 March 1850, and John was buried at St. Philip’s church at Charleston. Following her husband’s death, Floride lived for a number of years more at Fort Hill, whose title came to her. In 1854, she sold the plantation to her son Andrew and bought the Stuart house, Friendville (also called Duncan) in Pendleton, renaming it MiCasa and living there until her death.[37]

Floride died 25 July 1866 at Pendleton and is buried there, as noted previously, in the cemetery of Saint Paul’s Episcopal church.[38] On 2 August, the Anderson [South Carolina] Intelligencer published an obituary that was picked up by a number of other newspapers. The obituary shows that, even in death, Floride was overshadowed by her famous husband. It states,[39]

The wife of John C. Calhoun, Carolina’s greatest statesman, and most honored son, it were better she should depart than longer live to witness the destruction which he so ably and earnestly endeavored to prevent.

The destruction to which the obituary refers is, of course, the Civil War. Arguably, not only did John C. Calhoun fail to prevent that war, the stands he took to protect the system of slavery did much to lay the groundwork for secession and war.

John C. Calhoun and Floride Bonneau Colhoun had plots side by side in Saint Paul’s Episcopal cemetery at Pendleton. But because John is buried in Charleston, Floride’s brother James Edward is buried next to his sister at Saint Paul’s.

For another portrait of Floride in addition to the one found at the head of the posting, see this previous posting.

In my next posting, I’ll share information about the third child of John Ewing Colhoun and wife Floride Bonneau to live to adulthood, their son James Edward Calhoun.

---

[1] See Find a Grave memorial page of John Ewing Colhoun, Colhoun family cemetery, Clemson, Pickens County, South Carolina, created by Deleted User, maintained by Karyn Buckner Garvin, with a tombstone photo uploaded by wdlindsy.

[2] Anderson County, South Carolina, Will Bk. 1791-1834, pp. 22-31; Charleston County, South Carolina Will Bk. D, 1800-7, p. 361-4

[3] A.S. Salley, “The Calhoun Family of South Carolina,” South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine 7,3 (July 1906), pp. 154-5.

[4] See Find a Grave memorial page of Col. John Ewing Calhoun, French Protestant Huguenot Church cemetery, Charleston, Charleston County, South Carolina, created by Saratoga, with tombstone photos by Saratoga.

[5] “In the Face of Change: An Interpretive Prospectus for the Clemson Experimental Forest” (Dept of Recreation and Park Administration, College of Forest and Recreation Resources, Clemson University, 1977).

[6] Richard Wright Simpson, History of Old Pendleton District, with a Genealogy of the Leading Families of the District (Anderson, South Carolina: Oulla, 1913), p. 141.

[7] A marriage announcement is in Charleston Daily Courier (22 February 1822), p. 2, col. 4, stating that the couple had married the previous evening and that Martha Maria Davis was the daughter of Captain William Ransom Davis, deceased.

[8] “Historical Notes,” South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine 7,3 (July 1906), pp. 170-1, transcribing a 24 December 1799 letter of Wade Hampton to Robert Hails of St. Matthew’s, South Carolina, speaking of William Ransom Davis’s death, and also transcribing his death notice in Charleston’s City-Gazette and Daily Advertiser (25 December 1799).

[9] “John Ewing Colhoun Papers, 1774-1961,” collection 130, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, available digitally at the library’s website.

[10] This letter is in ibid.

[11] See supra, n. 4.

[12] Charleston Daily Courier (28 October 1847), p. 2, col. 7.

[13] Charleston Daily Courier (19 November 1853), p. 2, col. 2.

[14] See Find a Grave memorial page of Martha Maria Davis Colhoun, French Protestant Huguenot Church cemetery, created by C D Bird.

[15] Robert Elder, Calhoun: American Heretic (New York: Basic, 2021), p. 44; “Floride Bonneau Colhoun Calhoun,” at website of Clemson University.

[16] See Find a Grave memorial page of Floride Bonneau Calhoun, Saint Paul’s Episcopal Church cemetery at Pendleton, Anderson County, South Carolina, created by The Perplexed Historian, maintained by Find a Grave, with tombstone photos by Herb Parham III.

[17] This letter is in the John Ewing Colhoun Papers at the South Caroliniana library of the University of South Carolina in Columbia.

[18] Elder, Calhoun: American Heretic, p. 77.

[19] Ibid.

[20] Ibid., pp. 77-8. See also Niven, John C. Calhoun and the Price of Union: A Biography (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1993), pp. 32-3.

[21] “Floride Bonneau Colhoun Calhoun,” at website of Clemson University. The letter is apparently transcribed in Margaret L. Coit, John C. Calhoun: American Portrait (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1950), pp. 63-64.

[22] See Richard Wright Simpson, History of Old Pendleton District, with a Genealogy of the Leading Families of the District (Anderson, South Carolina: Oulla, 1913), p. 141. See also Elder, Calhoun: American Heretic, p. 334.

[23] Beth Ann Klossky, The Pendleton Legacy (Columbia: Sandlapper, 1971), p. 65; and Simpson, History of Old Pendleton District, p. 141.

[24] Klossky, The Pendleton Legacy, pp. 64-8, has pictures of Fort Hill. On the house and its history, see also Harriette Kershaw Leiding, Historic Houses of South Carolina (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1921), pp. 292-5; and Frank A. Dickson, Journeys into the Past: The Anderson Region’s Heritage (Anderson, South Carolina: Anderson County Bicentennial Committee, 1975), pp. 65-9.

[25] See e.g. “Floride Calhoun” at Wikipedia.

[26] Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress, 1774-1911 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1913), p. 524.

[27] “Floride Bonneau Colhoun Calhoun,” at website of Clemson University.

[28] Ibid., citing Ernest McPherson Lander, The Calhoun Family and Thomas Green Clemson: The Decline of a Southern Patriarchy (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1983), p. 119.

[29] “Floride Bonneau Colhoun Calhoun,” at website of Clemson University.

[30] Ibid., citing Clyde N. Wilson, ed., The Papers of John C. Calhoun, vol. 14: 1837-1839 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1981), p. 237.

[31] Federal Writers’ Project, South Carolina: The WPA Guide to the Palmetoo State (New York: Oxford University Press, 1941), p. 413.

[32] Klossky, The Pendleton Legacy, p. 68.

[33] See supra, n. 15.

[34] Mary E. Moragné, The Neglected Thread: A Journal from the Calhoun Community,1836-1842, ed. Delle Mullen Craven (Columbia: University of South Carolina, 1951), p. 89.

[35] Klossky, The Pendleton Legacy, p. 68.

[36] Elder, Calhoun: American Heretic, p. 438.

[37] “Floride Bonneau Colhoun Calhoun,” at website of Clemson University; and Klossky, The Pendleton Legacy, p. 68. Klossky suggests that part of what motivated Floride to sell Fort Hill and move was that a daughter-in-law — Andrew’s wife Margaret Maria Green? — served Floride tea in a cracked cup while Andrew and his wife were staying with her at Fort Hill.

[38] See supra, n. 16.

[39] Anderson [South Carolina] Intelligencer (2 August 1866), p. 2, col. 6. This obituary was republished by the Macon [Georgia] Telegraph (9 August 1866), p. 2, col. 2; and the Spartan [Spartanburg] (16 August 1866) p. 2, col. 3. Death notices were carried widely in other newspapers — e.g., Keowee Courier (4 August 1866), p. 2, col. 1; Christian Intelligencer of the Reformed Dutch Church (16 August 1866); Pittsfield [Massachusetts] Sun (16 August 1866), p.  2, col. 5.